Can you write me a 1000-1100 word paper (excluding word limits) for me? Please find the below attachment for the instruction.

Can you write me a 900-1000 word paper (excluding word limits) for me? Please find the below attachment for the instruction.

Can you write me a 1000-1100 word paper (excluding word limits) for me? Please find the below attachment for the instruction.
The Creative Industries in Contemporary Japan (Spring, 2022) Nobuko Kawashima Essay Assignment Y our paper needs to have a clear ar gument with evidence and support drawn from literature. Y our own research to enrich the ar gument is encouraged, but the paper must directly address one of the given questions. Style in academic writing will also be examined. It will be good to demonstrate your learning by quoting some of the material used during this semester where appropriate. The length: approximately 900 words (800-1,100 words, excluding references, tables, illustrations etc. and any attachments) In writing an essay , choose one of the topics below . Please indicate which one you have chosen at the beginning of the writing. Ï As you know , the success of South Korea with its popular culture (film, music and TV drama) in the global market has been phenomenal. Discuss why Japan has not been able to achieve success in similar ways. Suggested books and papers (downloadable from the e-journal portal of the university library webpage) in addition to those distributed in class for essay writing. It will be a good idea to revisit the given material for this course. I suggest some books, but considering that your access to them is not good, you can skip them and have a look at the suggested papers. Hesmondhalgh, David (2019) The Cultural Industries , 4th edition, Sage. (The whole book is relevant to us, with accessible writing style) Throsby , David (2010) The Economics of Cultural Policy , Cambridge University Press. (Not too dif ficult to read, some chapters distributed in the class.) Craig, Tim (2020) Cool Japan. (Case studies of the Japanese creative industries). Galbraith, Patrick W . and Karlin, Jason G. (eds)(2012) Idols and celebrity in Japanese Media Cultur e. Palgrave Macmillan. For more specific topics: McDonald, Paul and W asko, Janet (eds) (2008) The Contemporary Hollywood Film Industry , Blackwell. (*A little outdated, but some very interesting chapters on Hollywood) The following articles may be useful for you. They are downloadable for free if you use VPN. VPN, or V irtual Private Network, is very useful and I recommend you download this software from university s website if you have not done so, with which you can access content limited to university students and staf f from home. Connect VPN and access the library s portal site for e-journals. T o search on Google Scholar ( h ttp s://s c h ola r.g oogle .c o .j p /) with key words will also be ef ficient, leading to a list of relevant articles. Some of the articles are immediately downloadable, while for others you need to access university e-journals. Film Crane, D (2014) Cultural Globalization and the Dominance of the American Film Industry: Cultural Policies, National Film Industries, and T ransnational Films , International Journal of Cultural Policy , V ol. 20, Issue 4. Kawashima, Nobuko (2016) Film Policy in Japan An Isolated Species on the V er ge of Extinction? , International Journal of Cultural Policy , 22,5,787-804. Japan s creative industries, Japanese cultural policy and international relations KN Otmazgin and N Otmazgin (2012) Japan Imagined: Popular Culture, Soft Power , and Japan s Changing Image in Northeast and Southeast Asia , Contemporary Japan , 24, 1. Otmazgin, N (2012) Geopolitics and Soft Power: Japan s Cultural Policy and Cultural Diplomacy in Asia , Asia-Pacific Review , 19, 1. Otmazgin, N (2014) Anime in the US: The Entrepreneurial Dimensions of Globalized Culture , Pacific Affairs , 87, 1, 53-69. *Nissim Otmazgin, our guest lecturer , has written numerous articles and chapters in edited books that are relevant to our course. Search his works on Google Scholar . Music Industry Marshall, Lee (2015) Let s Keep Music Special. F Spotify : on-demand streaming and the controversy over artist royalties. Cr eative Industries Journal , 8, 2, 177-189. Manga, Anime and Games Finan, Dorothy (2021) Idols you can make: The player as auteur in Japan s media mix , New Media & Society , (issue/volume unknown), 1-17. Gon alves, J. et al (2020) The occidental otaku: Portuguese audience motivations for viewing anime , Converngence , 27, 1, 247-265. Hartzheim, BH (2019) Making of a Mangaka: Industrial reflexivity and Shueish s W eekly Shônen Jump , T elevision & New Media , 22. 5. 570-587. Klaehn, Jef frey (2021) talking manga: bringing Japanese pop culture to the North American mainstream , Journal of Graphic Novels and Comics , (issue/volume unknown) 1-15. Pellitteri, M (2021) The European experience with Japanese animation, and what it can reveal about the transnational appeal of anime , Asian Journal of Communication , 31, 1, 21-42. Misc . Feigenbaum, Harvey B (2007) Hegemony or diversity in film and television? The United States, Europe and Japan , The Pacific Review , 20, 3, 371-396. Korean Popular Culture Y ouna Kim (ed)(2020), The Soft Power of the Korean W ave. Parasite, BTS and Drama. Routledge. Dal Yong Jin has written a lar ge number of books and articles that you may find helpful. Also have a look at the paper by Kawashima on the Business Models of the Media Industries (2020) and check out the quoted papers according to your interest. Most of them are not too dif ficult and accessible.
Can you write me a 1000-1100 word paper (excluding word limits) for me? Please find the below attachment for the instruction.
Media Industries 7.1 (2020) Changing Business Models in the Media Industries Nobuko Kawashima 1 DOSHISHA UNIVERSITY Nkawashi [AT] mail.doshisha.ac.jp Abstract Media industries such as film, music, and publishing have traditionally relied on three models of revenue generation: payment by users for ownership of (or for access to) content, advertising fees, and the hybrid of these. For a long time, the models have largely been sustainable, but in recent decades ad vances in information and communication technologies and changes in consumer behavior have been so revolutionary that they pose unprecedentedly serio us challenges to these models; the issue is no longer copyright infringemen t on its own, but how the industries respond to the changes in the market and find new, sustainable business models. This article discusses several of these new directions, including Do-It-Yourself artist, expanded exploitation of copyright, diversification, dual-market model, and digital marketing for third- party marketers via social media and using own sites. Examples from Japa n are drawn to illustrate the new developments. Keywords: Media Industries, Business Model, Japan Introduction The second half of the twentieth century was a good time for the media i ndustries, broadly defined: broadcasting, publishing, film, and music. Distributor/publishe r/intermediary companies such as film studios, publishers, and record labels enjoyed co mfortable business positions relying on two revenue sources: advertising and user payment, with varying degrees of dependence, depending on the industry. 2 Firms from various sectors in the postwar era of economic development sought space and time for advertising, while consum er demand for information and entertainment increased. Many of the companies in the me dia industries could set premium prices for products, or obtain rents, by creating artificial scarcity for example, by setting release dates or controlling the quantity of physical products available 70 Media Industries 7.1 (2020) on the market (see Note 2). 3 The well-developed infrastructure for content distribution allowed the media majors to achieve economies of scale. Products distrib uted in physical packages (e.g., print media and music CDs) in particular could be overpriced ; although the fixed cost of creating the original content could be high, the marginal cost of producing another unit was minimal. However, such a business environment for the media industries, which was largely stable and comfortable despite the existence of fierce competition within indiv idual markets, has been undermined since the late 1990s with the development of internet an d information and communication technologies (ICT) and the widespread uptake of these te chnological advances by the general public. First, the print media industry (newspa pers and magazines in particular) has suffered greatly. The spread of pirated copies and u nlawful downloading of content online may be partially to blame, but at the same time people to day find it decreas – ingly necessary to buy newspapers and magazines in print because the kind of information they traditionally looked for in them news, gossip, fashion trends, v acant job positions can be easily found and accessed online without paying. The recorded music i ndustry, too, has suffered over the years, particularly due to the development of peer-to-peer, file-sharing technology and video-sharing websites such as YouTube. Eradicating unlic ensed music available online turned out to be extremely difficult, eventually leading the record labels to provide free access to official videos on the video-sharing websites for the purpose of artist promotion. Since the early 2000s, the emergence of social media, search engines, and major online ser – vices such as Amazon for e-commerce, Netflix for video streaming, and Sp otify for music streaming, together with the spread of smartphones, has further threaten ed the conventional businesses of the media industries. Consumers are less and less willing to pay for content itself and often less immersed in it than they once were. They may be ha ppy to pay for ser – vices that provide content, so long as access is convenient providing the content when they want it, where they want it, and via the devices they habitually use. 4 They also give priority to the ways in which they interact with content: by sharing it, discussing it with fans whom they may not personally know, and modifying it to create secondary works, oft en in collaboration with other amateur creators with whom they exchange in-progress works on line. 5 All of the above have driven a major transformation in the media industr ies. A wide range of academic disciplines have focused attention on specific aspects of and r elevant issues con – cerning these changes in media production, distribution, and consumption . For example, a rich literature has developed on the rise of collaborative/participatory culture 6,7 or produs – ers. 8 In contrast to digital optimists like Jenkins, more pessimistic comment ators have pointed to a host of troubling issues such as increased centralization o f corporate power, intensified commercialization of culture, and the rise of surveillance c ulture (see Note 2). A large number of articles and books have also been published on the need for regulation and other policy measures, including in the area of copyright, to adapt to t he changing practices in media production and consumption. Digital transformation in the media industries has also been discussed among scholars concerned with its impact on the publ ic interest and democracy, which news organizations have traditionally viewed as bolster ing through the provision of up-to-date, accurate, neutral, and well-researched informat ion, investigation, and commentary. 9 Economics and management studies of the media have been keen to 71 investigate the impact of illegal music files on CD sales 10 and the impact of streaming ser – vices on music industry revenue as a whole. 11 Scholars have also researched the extent to which the diversity of content has increased or decreased as a result of digitized distribution. 12,13 Many of the research findings show an overall decline in revenue in the traditional media industries and describe players struggles to tackle this problem, bu t studies that directly discuss the business model defined in this article as forms o f value creation and appropriation 14 have been relatively few. A few exceptions exist on specific media i ndus – tries. 15 17 And a broader report titled Changing Business Models in the Creative Industries, 18 commissioned by the UK Patent Office, studies six companies in the television, computer games, and music industries, providing useful details of changes in those industries. The overall conclusion of Searle (see Note 18), however, remains that the creative industries are in a state of business model experimentation, a situation brought about not necessarily by challenges to intellectual property (IP) but by other factors such as changes in consumer demand and behavior in the digital era. Although the individual cases de scribed in these studies may be interesting, the overall picture does not exceed what we intuitively know. The lack of research into business models in the media industries may be partly due to the ambiguity of the term business model 19 and to the speed at which new businesses con – stantly appear to disrupt existing business frameworks. The purpose of this article is to review existing research and analyze n ew business models being used in the media industries to respond to the impacts of new ICT, changed user behavior, and globalization. Assuming that these factors must have impac ted cost struc – tures, production patterns, and distribution methods of media businesses, the article will focus on the ways in which the media industries in different sectors have understood and responded to changing consumer needs, identified or redefined market seg ments, delivered newly created value to consumers, and earned revenue in ways that can be sustained at least into the near future. Six new business models are identified. Some of th e new models in fact represent only small, incremental defensive changes, while other, more disruptive changes are being driven by new giant IT platform operators. An implicat ion of this is that the value of content created by traditional media may be relegated to th e role of attracting consumers, whose aggregated profiles and behavior information form a valuable asset for any business engaged in digital marketing. Although this article does not try to break new theoretical ground, its broad survey helps fill a gap in media industries research that discipline-based or sector-focus ed studies tend to be less good at. The article will also provide added value by using example s from Japanese media and entertainment businesses. Japanese popular culture is generally very strong in Japan s domestic market (see Kawashima 20 on film), which is the second (music) or third (film, digital games) largest in the world, and has a significant presence in specific regions with keen fan bases (as seen, for example, with Japanese animé in North America, E urope, and Asia). Nonetheless, much less attention has been given to its business structur es, models, and strat – egies than to its actual content by humanities and Japanese studies scho lars in the English language literature. The reference to Japanese examples is not necessari ly for the purpose of showing good practice, but it will help broaden the scope of media indus tries research by analyzing the ways in which one major media capital 21 copes with the changing environment. Media Industries 7.1 (2020) 72 The responses of Japanese (and other) media companies to changes in th eir business environ – ment are, not surprisingly, mixed: Some are novel and forward-looking, o r at least distinctive, whereas others are conservative, seeking to protect and maintain the sta tus quo for the time being. In the following, I first present an overall picture of the business models conventionally employed in the media industries and discuss the challenges they face. I then analyze the strategies employed by media businesses to cope with changes, with examp les drawn from Japan s music, animé (Japanese animation), and newspaper industr ies. Changing Business Models As mentioned above, until fairly recently the structure and value chains of the media indus – tries were similar and relatively straightforward. They could rely on two major sources of revenue: payment by the user and advertising. The industries were supplier-led rather than customer-centric. In most cases, value chains were uncomplicated: Conten t was produced by artists, creators, authors, and production companies; commodified by commercial dis – tributors such as publishers, film distributors, and record companies; a nd then handed over to retailers such as cinemas and shops. Newspapers were relatively self- sufficient, integrat – ing the functions of content creation (information gathering and report writing), commodi – fication (editing and printing), and distribution through their own de dicated sales networks. The players involved in each stage of the value chains were limited and fixed; new entrants might enter a market, but they only competed with incumbents rather than disrupting the existing order. To price information (i.e., content) is genera lly difficult, but pricing was not a major issue in these industries as prices for admission to the cine ma, to purchase a CD, book, or other product were fixed within narrow ranges. Marketing largely targeted the mass through the placement of extensive advertising in the media, while the economies of scale enjoyed by the majors enhanced their power to control the market u pstream and downstream (see Note 3). As new digital ICT developed and spread, new businesses in the media industries have emerged. Hess 22 summarizes the characteristics of online media (as opposed to print ne ws – paper and conventional broadcasting) as being bidirectional (interacti ve) and multimedia- based, which tends to appeal to today s consumers. With the additiona l trait of online media that Hess (see Note 22) identifies low entry barriers to the market the old media are severely contested and can no longer be assured of earning high profits from the traditional revenue sources. The observation of Hess can be applied more broadly to the media indus – tries with which this article is concerned. Building on Hess (see Note 22), Table 1 stylizes the major characteristics of the conventional and new business models of the media industries. In some sectors, extreme, disruptive examples even gift economies , in which the exchange between producer and consumer is nonpecuniary are developing. 23 In others, several tran – sitions can be observed, to which this article now turns. Model 1: Do-It-Yourself Artists We begin with the case of content creators cutting out intermediaries an d connecting directly with consumers. Traditionally, professional artists/creators we re the starting point Media Industries 7.1 (2020) 73 Conventional business model New business models Value-adding steps covered by media companies Content creation, distribution Management of content, operation of digital space (apps, websites, social media), alliance with various sectors Value chain Fixed, controlled, supplier-led, one-way Flexible, organic, user-centric, interactive Value creation Copyright exploitation Multiplatform business Revenue source User payment, advertising User payment, advertising, user subscription fees, sale of user data Main partners Promoter, retailer Content/service providers, neighboring industries in the media and elsewhere Market entry barriers High: initial investment of capital required Low Competition Intra-market Inter-market Role of creators Strong, but moderated by the intermediary Direct connection with users, need to be entrepreneurial Content creation Reserved for the professionals Open to all Role of consumers Passive Active Traits valued by consumers Quality of content Social communication about content, convenient access Primary competences of media companies Artistic/journalistic editing, curation and distribution Aggregating content, algorithms for matching content and users Control of the market Strong Weak Control of use Strong Weak Advertisers interest Mass marketing Targeted marketing Table 1. Comparison of Conventional and New Business Models of Media Businesses. Source. Adapted and expanded from Hess (see Note 22). Note . The models are ideal types and do not necessarily describe specific in dustry sectors. in the linear value chain, and they benefited in subsequent stages from the help of distribu – tors and retailers. Because distributors and retailers are less profitab le than they once were, and therefore less capable of returning profits to content creators, many creators have found it necessary to take advantage of new technologies and become more self-reliant. This is the background to the rise of the Do-It-Yourself (DIY) model. This model i s particularly promi – nent among independent musicians, who cannot expect much support from ma jor record Media Industries 7.1 (2020) 74 labels as the labels concentrate marketing budgets on smaller numbers of signed artists (see Note 15). 24 Seen in a positive light, musicians are now able to access a range of services for music pro – duction, distribution, promotion, and marketing offered at affordable prices through digital technologies and services. They can rent studios and hire technicians at costs that have been lowered by technological developments, with funds raised by crowdfunding . They can set up accounts on social media and create original websites where fans can dow nload a piece of music for free if they register, leaving personal data for artists to ut ilize for future contact and market research. Information about where fans live aids efficient co ncert planning. Some argue that these technological advancements have helped independent artists become more autonomous 25 and entrepreneurial (see Note 15), and that they have changed the nature of relationships among artists, fans, and the music industry. 26 28 Fans are seen to have new relationships with artists as sponsors, co-creators of value, stakeh olders, investors and fil – ters 29 and to be increasingly involved with music making and marketing, partic ularly through social media. 30 However, it is unclear whether DIY artists can gain access to major mus ic distribution channels that may be mediated by new intermediaries who, fo r efficiency rea – sons, may have little interest in dealing with independent labels. 31 33 Model 2: Expanded Exploitation of Copyright For industries traditionally reliant on copyright exploitation in the form of reproducing orig – inal content in large quantities and earning revenue from selling it in the mass market (as seen, for example, in recorded music and book publishing), different ri ghts that copyright holders are granted have started to carry more weight in terms of revenue production. For example, the right to make content accessible to the public (e.g., by s treaming on the web) has assumed greater importance, although labels are finding streaming di fficult to manage strategically. Music labels have started paying greater attention to the licensing of music for other media industries, such as film, television dramas and commercials, and digital games. 34 The music pieces used in these media and entertainment products may be o nly small parts of songs in terms of duration, but they can command high fees from licen sees. The resulting exposure is valuable as the marketing budgets of record labels are shrinking. Model 3: Diversification Similar to but broader than copyright exploitation is the use of IP to e arn revenue in neigh – boring business areas. For example, characters originally developed in an animation movie may be utilized in digital games, graphic novels, toys, and other mercha ndise. Such multi – platform strategies have been in existence for a long time in media indu stries, but today they have grown so much that it is sometimes difficult to know in which media format a character was originally born. Also, multiplatform business is increasingly planne d as such from the very beginning of character/story development so that it can simultaneou sly be launched in various forms. Of particular importance in such a scenario, interestingly, is utilization of digital content for non-digital (live) purposes. For example, official music videos availa ble for free on YouTube can enhance the popularity of the artist, allowing him/her to earn hands omely from concert Media Industries 7.1 (2020) 75 tours. Today, the top-earning musicians in the global market derive a ma jority of their income from live performances, whereas their royalties from recorded music can be less than 5 percent of sales.35 Japanese animé song concerts (with voice-over artists as singers) are often held in large arenas that accommodate more than ten thousand fans and generate considerable income. Musicals and theater performances based on manga, a nimé, and games (commonly called 2.5-dimensional theater/musicals in Japan, as their so urce content is two-dimensional) are also blossoming in Japan. Live performance has traditionally been seen as less profitable than rec orded music sales because the number of tickets that can be sold is physically limited by the seating capacity of venues and the number of times an artist can perform per year. Howeve r, in today s digital age, people increasingly tend to place high value on non-digital, live e xperiences and are willing to pay for expensive tickets. In a similar vein, live (and reco rded) showings of events at cinemas the screening of theater performances and televised sports matches have become popular as people desire to see these events not only on large sc reens with good sound effects but also together with other viewers to share the exciteme nt and moments of joy. In terms of sheer numbers, the purchasers of tickets to live events and tangible ancillary goods may not add up to the equivalent of a mainstream mass market, but these live perfor – mance markets which in the past were seen as small and niche no longer r emain so. Traditionally, record labels were not heavily involved in the live performance side or other aspects of musicians activities, but now they aggressively try to ga in a share of such new revenues by signing so-called 360-degree contracts with artists for fees . 36 The business model changes discussed so far are not particularly innovative, as they mainly involve developing business areas that were previously neglected as rela tively unimportant. The lack of novelty is evident in the fact that these strategies have lo ng been adopted in the Japanese music industry. To start with, musicians are employed b y management compa – nies and receive a monthly salary. Practical arrangements and relationsh ips may differ from one artist to another, but management companies ( jimusho , discussed by Marx 37 in detail) are in the business of maximizing the exposure of their artists under co ntract, basically tak – ing all payments for the artists activities and then paying remunera tion to them that reflects their popularity and workload. Tie-in contracts with television dramas, films, and TV com – mercials have been common in the Japanese music industry since the late 1980s, 38 although these are not necessarily for the purpose of sharing fees between creati ve management companies and record labels, but rather for promoting recorded music and building the art – ists brands. It has also been the case for decades that Japanese art ists and idols are expected to be multitalented. This does not mean that they need to be professiona lly competent in all areas such as singing, dancing, and acting in film and television dramas , but it is crucial for them to appear on talk shows and variety programs on television and to b e funny, chatty, clever, and accessible (see Galbraith and Karlin 39 for the analysis of the idiosyncrasies of idol and celebrity culture in Japan). In the last ten to fifteen years, a more innovative business model for i dol groups has been established by an influential producer, Yasushi Akimoto. Akimoto has been in the entertain – ment business for decades as a producer and also a lyricist, and he has further cemented his dominant position in the Japan s entertainment industry by creating a nd producing the young female idol group AKB48 and its branches (see Craig 40 for a detailed study of the group). Media Industries 7.1 (2020) 76 Launched in 2005, AKB48 is based on the concept of idols you can mee t, and fans may become deeply involved in the process of the girls growth from unpolished t o more polished perform – ers. AKB48 is made up of around one hundred girls, divided into four teams which can appear simultaneously in various locations one way of actualizing the id ols you can meet concept. One of the teams performs at the AKB48 Theater in Tokyo s Akihabara a rea every day. The theater is small, accommodating just 250 people, so obtaining tickets ca n be difficult, but those who are lucky enough to do so can see the girls up-close and begin to feel a connection and support them in their careers. Which girls sing on the group s single s and their position in the dance formations on stage are determined by various buzz-generating means, including an annual General Election in which fans who have purchased CDs are able to vote. The Election is a high-profile, nationally-televised event widely reported in the med ia. Avid fans buy multi – ple CDs sometimes hundreds of the same title so they can cast many votes for their favorite performers. CDs may also come with hand-shaking session tickets. Enthusiasts may buy multiple copies of CDs so as to lengthen the time allowed with their favorite girls at such events, as one ticket allows a contact of only some seconds. When member s get older, they graduate and are replaced by younger girls. The large size of th e group and the constant refreshment of its composition, it is said, allow everyone to find a fav orite. Based on the success of AKB48, sister groups have been set up in major c ities of Japan, including Osaka, Nagoya, and Hakata. The franchise has also spread to Asia to include JKT48 in Jakarta, BNK48 in Bangkok, and DEL48 in Delhi. Unlike K-pop groups, J apanese idols of this kind are imperfect in performance, a defect which, however, is said to work well with the Japanese sense of aesthetics. The success of AKB48 has been phenomenal, with singles and albums selling more than one million units per title (a mark rarely achieved in Japan today); their single CDs have occupied the top of Japanese hit charts f or over ten years (vari – ous statistics released by RIAJ). 41 Criticism of Akimoto is abundant: He is accused of exploiting obsessive fans by luring them to excessive spending; taking advantage of young girls aspiring for fame , few of whom end up establishing long-lasting careers; and commodifying not only girls but also their music. However, it can be argued that Akimoto has saved the Japanese recorded m usic industry; the decline in its revenue from 607.5 billion yen in 1998 to 304.8 billio n in 2018 would surely have been much larger without Akimoto. As a result, Japan remains an out lier in terms of music distribution methods, with market sales still dominated by physica l CDs and DVDs as opposed to digital sales and revenue from streaming services. The physic al share of revenues is 79 percent (2018; see Note 41), in contrast to the global average o f 25 percent. 42 Japan also has a male idol group culture, dominated by Johnny & Associat es, the country s largest talent agency. Established by the legendary Johnny Kitagawa in t he 1960s, who remained active until his death at the age of 87 in 2019, Johnny s (as the agency is known) and its male idol groups have occupied a very important place in the popular entertainment world of Japan, particularly since the 1980s. Again, unlike K-pop male g roups, none of the Japanese groups managed by Johnny s excels in singing or dancing, but their members look accessible, identifiable, familiar (see Note 39), and are interesting in talk shows and variety programs on television. Many appear in television dramas, films, and pro duct advertise – ments. 43,44 The level and scope of